Introduction Lennon-McCartney and Corpus

The Lennon-McCartney songwriting partnership was one of the most successful musical cooperations of all time. In the early days of the Beatles, John Lennon and Paul McCartney would often collaborate on songs extensively. As teenagers, they had made an agreement that they would both be credited with all songs written by either of them, whether jointly or separately. This is why all Beatles songs written by either Lennon or McCartney are officially credited to “Lennon-McCartney”. Later on it became increasingly common for them to write songs separately.

In an interview for Playboy Magazine in 1980, Lennon said the following about his songwriting partnership with McCartney:

[Paul] provided a lightness, an optimism, while I would always go for the sadness, the discords, the bluesy notes. There was a period when I thought I didn’t write melodies, that Paul wrote those and I just wrote straight, shouting rock ‘n’ roll. But, of course, when I think of some of my own songs—“In My Life”, or some of the early stuff, “This Boy”—I was writing melody with the best of them.

I would be curious to see whether Lennon’s characterization of the differences between his and McCartney’s songwriting styles is accurate. The spotify API provides some features by which this potential difference could be explored. For example, the valence and energy features of the AudioFeaturesObject could be useful.

For this course, I will compare Beatles songs written (predominantly) by Paul McCartney to those written (predominantly) by John Lennon. To this end I created two playlists on Spotify. One playlist for the McCartney songs and one for the Lennon songs. I used the this webpage as a guide to determine which song was written by whom. The corpus contains 142 songs in total (70 written by Paul McCartney and 72 written by John Lennon).

Valence VS Energy Beatles

• The differences between the two Beatles’ songwriting styles seems to be very small, at least in terms of valence and energy.
• It does seem like almost all of the lowest energy songs were written by Paul, except for Julia, the lowest energy song in the entire dataset, which was written by John.
• I labelled three outliers in the dataset: Tomorrow Never Knows by John has a very low valence, and Back In The USSR has very high energy.

ADD AVERAGE ON GRApH TO COMPARE! ADD THE THING ABOUT IRONIC

Valence VS Energy Solo

All 4 Beatles compared

Speechiness

• John Lennon has speechier songs.
• Paul’s songs are often more acoustic?

Chromagram John Lennon - Tomorrow Never Knows

• This is a chromagram of the song Tomorrow Never Knows, written primarily by John Lennon. The song has an experimental and psychedelic sound.

• The song lyrics are based on the book The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on The Tibetan Book of the Dead. It was intended as a manual for people seeking spiritual enlightenment by using psychedelic drugs, such as LSD.

• The opening lyrics of the song:

  Turn off your mind
  Relax and float downstream
  It is not dying

  Are based on a line from the book: “Whenever in doubt, turn off your mind, relax, float downstream.”

• According to the Spotify API, it is the song with the lowest valence of the entire dataset.

• When I listen to it I notice that it is quite monotonous. However, I don’t think it is necessarily a sad or angry song.

• The chromagram indeed confirms that this song is quite monotonous: almost all of the sound falls into the C-tone bracket.

• John Lennon only used a single chord in the whole song. This creates a hypnotic sound.

Chromagram Paul Mccartney - Ob-La-Di Ob-La- Da

What is the structure of ‘Hey Jude’ (chroma and timbre features)

These two self-similarity matrices illustrate pitch and timbre based self similarity in the song “Hey Jude” written by Paul McCartney.

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